Current-mode control loops (particularly the popular 4- to 20-mA controls) are used in many industrial applications because of their immunity to induced EMI from motors, contactors, relays, and other ...

You know the “just add a transistor” drill by now: a performance or functionality requirement comes up that you can’t support entirely using the blocks built into your favorite mixed-signal ...

The low output voltage level of the analog sensor and the long distance to the control room together constitute significant system design challenges. Here are clues on how to solve them. The 4-20 mA ...

The I/O capabilities built into most microcontrollers make it easy to measure the analog world. Say you want to build a data logger for temperature. All you need to do is get some kind of sensor that ...

Back in the “good old days,” controls were all analog and mechanical, which simply means that they acted in a directly connected and variable manner based on a change in force. Both pneumatic (air ...

Galvanically (that is, optically or electromagnetically) isolated 4- to 20-mA current loops offer robust noise immunity and tolerate long cable runs. These advantages, combined with simple unshielded ...

Each channel operates independently to prevent interaction between channels. Galvanic isolation eliminates ground loops, reduces noise, and blocks transient signals. Splitters are available in 2-wire ...